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The Truth About Dogs
Dogs are a brilliant evolutionary success almost without parallel in the animal world, and they owe that success to their uncanny ability to worm themselves into our homes, and to our relentlessly anthropomorphic psyches that let them do it.
Throughout much of Africa and Asia to this day, millions upon millions of dogs roam freely through villages and even cities: they are generally despised, shunned, justifiably feared as dangerous and disease-ridden, occasionally eaten; yet they flourish in spite of it all. However consciously and rationally humans may dislike or distrust these free-ranging dogs, however much humans may determinedly try to relegate them to the mental category occupied by rats, lice, and pigeons, still, when man comes face to face with dog, the will to inflict serious bodily harm mysteriously melts away. Dogs, in an evolutionary sense, know this. They cringe, they whine, they look soulfully into our eyes, and we say, "Aww, the heck with it," drop the rock and go our way.
The wild ancestor of the dog, the wolf, is practically extinct. There are probably no more that 100,000 wolves left in the entire world today. The world's dog population easily exceeds that by a factor of a thousand. For all the myths and tales of the dog's service to man, only the smallest fraction of dogs that live off human society today earn their keep. No one has done an actual study of this, but there is reason to be suspicious even of the most common rationalization of dogs' utility to man, as guardians of property or intruder alarms; for every tale of a dog successfully frightening off burglars, there are thousands of dogs who bark incessantly at every goddamned thing that moves and then sleep blissfully through a crime in progress.
For all the myths about how some caveman or cavewoman adopted a wolf cub from the wild and found him a valuable guardian and hunting companion, the behavioral and archeological evidence now strongly points to a conclusion that even thousands of years ago the overwhelming majority of dogs were biological freeloaders. The things that a small number of modern-day dogs do that clearly pay [see Working Dogs]—assisting the blind and disabled, herding livestock, providing recreational sport for hunters and racing enthusiasts— were late developments in the dog's checkered career. Every great crime family turns out a few solid citizens eventually.
Calling dogs parasites is fighting words, but what can I say? Dogs have got us exactly where they want us.
If biologists weren't victim to the same blindness that afflicts us all, they probably wouldn't hesitate to classify dogs as social parasites. This is the class of manipulative creatures exemplified by the cuckoo, which lays its eggs in the nest of some unsuspecting dupe of a bird of another species; the poor befuddled parents see this big mouth crying out for food and stuff it full of worms at the expense of their own offspring. Every time they turn their backs, the cuckoo hatchling shoves another of its foster parents' flesh and blood overboard.
Calling dogs parasites is fighting words, but what can I say? Dogs have got us exactly where they want us, and we, idiotic grins fixed to our faces, go along with it all....
Science to the rescue 
Did I mention that I love dogs? In spite of what I have just said in my role as brutally objective observer, I do love dogs. And I think the secret of loving them—of not feeling contempt, even repressed and subconscious and guilt-ridden and Freudian contempt—is to see them honestly and frankly for what they are. This is where science helps, a lot.
Yes, dogs are manipulative parasites. But they are also beautiful and fascinating, and even more, they are windows on a series of beautiful and fascinating, and wild and strange, worlds: a world of animal minds and animal senses, aswirl with perceptions and awarenesses and emotions that are ever so familiar yet ever so alien; a world of deep and elemental forces and motives, the very energies of evolution that have forged the entire raw story of life on Earth; a world of distant human pasts, of hunters and campfires on the tundra, of Roman legions and war and migration; and a microscopic world within, of molecules that miraculously encode the nature of us all.
It is increasingly common to cast science as a spoilsport, reducing the poetry of the world to an equation, love to a hormone molecule, sunsets to diffraction phenomena; and there will be some, I am sure, who would rather not know what science has to say about dogs. But I have never believed that science takes the magic out of things; even when it destroys sometimes treasured myths, science always has something better to offer by way of compensation. When I look into my dog's eyes, I see worlds and eons that I can touch nowhere else in my modern life, and to me that is worth several tons of tripe about "unconditional love."
The other thing that dog science has going for it is that it is good for dogs. Dogs that are treated as furry little people who ought to love and be grateful to us for the muffins they are baked and the little birthday hats they are forced to wear are not happy dogs, for they invariably suffer the consequences of our unrealistic expectations. The number of complexes dogs develop as a direct result of their anthropomorphic owners ought to give pause to everyone who thinks we are somehow "denying" dogs their due by insisting on a rigorous and unsentimentally scientific view of their intelligence, understanding, and behavior.
Owners who think their dogs are conscious of their guilt when they poop on the oriental rug, owners who try to reassure and comfort and reason their dogs through their fears, owners who desperately want their dogs to desperately adore them—these are the owners of dogs that more often than not are maladjusted and miserable. Punishing a dog for defecating even seconds after the fact is futile, for dogs do not make such connections over time and space; but dogs will earnestly search for some connection between events in their immediate world and the immediate consequences, and a dog who is punished whenever his owner returns to find poop on the rug will very quickly learn to fear his owner's return, period. A dog that is rewarded with petting and soothing words when he trembles during a thunderstorm will quickly learn to tremble all the more, and on more occasions, in pursuit of such rewards. A dog whose owners want love at all costs quickly learns to be a domineering bully—such is the nature of the wolf-dog social structure. It can be worse: his owners can actually achieve their ambition, and the dog can become neurotically dependent on them and go into hysterics at every parting.
Off with the rose-tinted glasses
Seeing dogs as they are, with doglike understanding, doglike motives, doglike perceptions, and doglike instincts, is to see them with a respect for their true natures and true capabilities, to see them as they are rather than as we, with our remarkably self-centered and limited imaginations, would imagine them to be. Grasping what makes dogs tick is a way to avoid a lot of misunderstanding, hurt feelings, and unnecessary strife in our ever so peculiar relationship with them.
Science can take us places we never could imagine if left to our own devices.
The very peculiarity of this relationship of ours with dogs, though, is one hell of an evolutionary tale, and that is part of the consolation science offers us as recompense for robbing us of fairly tales. That dogs exist, and flourish, and thrive in our company when perfectly sensible biological reasons exist for them to have been exterminated every last one, is a biological story of astonishing evolutionary cleverness; it is a story that is also terribly revealing about ourselves, and I am grateful for the self-knowledge that the company of dogs provides us. For dogs (or evolution, I should really say) have discovered the chink in our armor....
Looking over the paean to science I have just written, I worry I might be giving a slightly misleading impression on one point. I do not believe science is the be-all and end-all, and there is an element of our admiration for and enjoyment of dogs that transcends any scientific explanation. For one thing, dogs are often simply beautiful. Attempts at "scientifically" explaining beauty and love are usually rather glib and ridiculous, and I am not for a second trying to suggest that by focusing on hard scientific facts I am providing anything approaching a complete description of what is going on between dogs and people. There is another truth that I would not deny for a second, namely that those rare humans who have a real gift for training and working with dogs owe that gift to experience, intuition, and a certain kind of empathetic reasoning that has almost nothing to do with science.
There are many things science can never touch. But science can take us places we never could imagine if left to our own devices, and that is ever more so in an age when we drift ever further from personal experience with the natural world. 
Best Flooring For Dogs (and Cats)
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Is Broccoli Good For Dogs?
Editorial Note: We earn a commission from partner links on Forbes Advisor. Commissions do not affect our editors' opinions or evaluations.
Broccoli is a health food powerhouse that's rich in antioxidants, fiber, vitamins and minerals. And yes, dogs can eat broccoli.
Whether your dog snuck a piece of broccoli behind your back or you're looking for a healthy snack for your pooch, you can rest assured that this green cruciferous vegetable is harmless and even healthy for most dogs to eat.
However, there are a few exceptions. Here's what you should know before feeding broccoli to your dog.
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Can Dogs Eat Broccoli?Yes they can. "Broccoli is a great healthy snack for dogs," says Dr. Danielle Rutherford, V.M.D., associate veterinarian with Westside Veterinary Center in Manhattan. "It can be fed raw or cooked, and it's a healthy addition to meals, which can add bulk as a low calorie topper to make dogs feel more full."
However, your dog can eat too much broccoli, leading to stomach upset. Broccoli florets contain a compound called isothiocyanates that can cause gastric distress in dogs. Because of this, the American Kennel Club (AKC) recommends giving broccoli to dogs in small amounts.
Potential Hazards of Broccoli for DogsAlong with the isothiocyanates, the high fiber content in broccoli can cause gas and bloating in dogs, as well as an upset stomach. It's best to start feeding your dog broccoli with a very small amount to see how your pooch handles it.
Another potential hazard comes from feeding broccoli stalks, or stems, to dogs. These can be a potential choking hazard, the AKC warns. When giving broccoli stems to your dog, cut them up into small pieces and monitor your dog's intake to make sure they don't become lodged in the esophagus.
Broccoli that's been prepared for humans may contain salt, fats and other seasonings that are potentially harmful to dogs. Only feed raw or cooked broccoli to dogs that's plain with no added seasoning or flavoring.
When Dogs Shouldn't Eat BroccoliBroccoli also contains glucosinolates, which are compounds that can inhibit thyroid function. If your dog has a thyroid condition, ask your vet if it's safe to feed it broccoli.
In light of the potential to cause gastric distress, exercise caution about giving your dog broccoli if it has a sensitive stomach or is prone to gas. And if your dog is on a prescription diet for a health condition, you should always consult your vet before feeding it anything other than its prescribed food.
Can Puppies Have Broccoli?Growing puppies have very specific nutritional needs, and they also don't have fully developed digestive systems. Fiber-rich broccoli could cause more pronounced digestive issues in puppies than in adult dogs. It's generally not a good idea to give broccoli to puppies.
How Much Broccoli Can a Dog eat?"I would recommend limiting the broccoli to no more than 10% of your pet's normal daily meal intake," Rutherford says.
Keep in mind that 10% of a diet will look different depending on the size of the dog. For a tiny Yorkie, that's only one or two pieces, whereas a Saint Bernard can handle a large handful of florets.
How To Safely Feed Broccoli to DogsFollow these tips to safely feed broccoli to your dog:
When fed correctly, broccoli is a highly nutritious and healthy snack for dogs. With its high fiber and plant protein content, it's a filling, low-calorie, low-carb treat option for dogs that need to limit their calorie intake.
Health Benefits of Broccoli for DogsWhile dogs should get most of their daily calories and nutrients from a well-balanced, high-quality dog food, broccoli has a number of health benefits that can enhance your dog's diet when given in moderation.
AntioxidantsAntioxidants are chemicals in fruits and vegetables that neutralize free radicals that can cause inflammation and cell damage. Broccoli contains the antioxidants lutein and sulforaphane.
FiberDogs need both soluble fiber and insoluble fiber to promote gut health and good digestion, and broccoli is a good source of both.
Soluble fiber ferments in the gut and feeds good bacteria, which promotes a healthy colon and may help prevent cancer and diabetes in dogs, according to the AKC. Insoluble fiber, which doesn't dissolve, helps dogs feel full and also helps to keep their digestive system regular.
Vitamins and MineralsBroccoli is a rich source of vitamins C and K, as well as folic acid. It also contains minerals and electrolytes, including:
Broccoli isn't the only vegetable that's safe and healthy for dogs to eat. Here are more safe vegetables to feed your dog:
Dogs can eat raw broccoli. Be sure to wash it first to remove pesticides and other contaminants and cut it into small, bite-sized pieces.
Can dogs eat broccoli stems?Broccoli stems, or stalks, can be a choking hazard. You can feed broccoli stems to your dog if you cut them into small pieces first.
Can dogs eat cooked broccoli?Yes, dogs can eat cooked broccoli that doesn't have any added fats or seasonings.
Can dogs eat broccoli and cauliflower?Broccoli and cauliflower are both cruciferous vegetables, along with brussels sprouts and cabbage, all of which are safe for dogs to eat in moderation.
Can dogs eat steamed broccoli?Yes. Steaming is a good way to cook broccoli for your dog without depleting it of nutrients.
Can dogs eat broccoli and cheese?Some dogs can safely eat cheese in moderation, but some dogs can't tolerate dairy products and become sick from eating them. Also, cheese is high in fat that can cause dogs to gain weight if fed too much. If your dog can tolerate cheese, they can eat small amounts of broccoli with it as long as it doesn't contain any added fats or seasonings, like butter or salt.
Can dogs eat broccoli sprouts?Yes, dogs can eat broccoli sprouts, which are just baby broccoli plants. They contain a higher concentration of nutrients and antioxidants than mature broccoli plants, including 100 times the amount of the antioxidant sulforaphane, which may be effective at reducing inflammation and helping to prevent cancer.
Can dogs eat frozen broccoli?Frozen broccoli could pose a choking hazard to dogs. It's best to let it thaw and cut it into small, bite-sized pieces before feeding it to your dog.
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